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This infographic from the ADA Health Policy Institute shows data on oral health status, attitudes and dental care utilization among West Virginia adults as of 2015, by income level, based on a household survey.
Download a PDF of the infographic.
“West Virginia’s Oral Health and Well-Being,” an infographic from the ADA Health Policy Institute.
The American Dental Association has designated February as National Children’s Dental Health Month. Here are a few tips on taking care of your child’s teeth from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Your child’s first teeth, or baby teeth, are important. Baby teeth hold space for adult teeth. Taking care of your child’s teeth will protect your child from tooth decay (cavities).
Tooth decay can:
Most babies will get their first tooth between ages 4 months and 7 months. Start these healthy habits now so your child’s smile will stay healthy!
Learn more about keeping your child’s mouth healthy.
Tooth decay happens because bacteria (germs) in our mouths turn sugar from the food we eat into acid. When these bacteria use the sugar, they make acid. Over time, the acid can cause cavities (holes) in teeth.
Tooth decay is one of the most common childhood diseases. More than 4 in 10 kids have had decay in their baby teeth.
Eating and drinking lots of sugary foods and drinks puts your child at higher risk for tooth decay. But healthy habits, like brushing and flossing, can prevent tooth decay.
Take these steps to help you take good care of your child’s teeth.
As soon as your baby’s teeth start coming in, clean them regularly with plain water and a clean cloth or a soft children’s toothbrush. Be sure to clean your baby’s teeth after feeding – especially right before bedtime.
Ask your child’s doctor or dentist when it’s time to start using fluoride toothpaste.
Starting at age 2 or 3, use a pea-sized amount of toothpaste to brush your child’s teeth. Make sure your child spits out the toothpaste after brushing – if young children swallow too much fluoride toothpaste, their adult teeth may have white spots.
Around age 7 or 8, kids can start to brush their own teeth. Watch your kids to make sure they:
Getting kids to brush their teeth can be hard. Here are some ideas that may help:
Fluoride is a mineral that helps protect teeth from decay.
Use fluoride toothpaste.
When you shop for toothpaste, read the label to be sure it has fluoride.
Ask your child’s doctor about fluoride varnish.
After your child’s first tooth comes in, ask the doctor to give your child fluoride varnish (a thin coating of fluoride put on the teeth). Fluoride varnish helps prevent tooth decay.
Find out if there’s fluoride in your water.
Fluoride is added to the drinking water in many towns and cities. Check with your child’s doctor or your local water company to find out if your tap water has fluoride in it.
Give your child tap water to drink.
If your water has fluoride added, be sure to give your child tap water (not bottled water) to drink. Most bottled water doesn’t have enough fluoride in it to protect your child’s teeth from decay.
Ask for supplements if your water doesn’t have added fluoride.
If your tap water doesn’t have fluoride added, ask your child’s doctor or dentist for fluoride supplements (drops or tablets). Children age 6 months and older can take fluoride supplements.
What about the cost of fluoride supplements?
Fluoride supplements for kids ages 6 months to 5 years who don’t have fluoride in their water are covered under the Affordable Care Act. Depending on your insurance plan, your child may be able to get fluoride supplements at no cost to you.
For information about services for children that are covered by the Affordable Care Act, visit HealthCare.gov.
Give your child healthy foods.
Healthy foods include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, and lean meats.
Make sure your child gets enough calcium.
Calcium is a mineral that helps make teeth strong. Milk, cheese, and yogurt are good sources of calcium. Check out this shopping list of foods with calcium.
Offer your kids healthy drinks.
If sugar from drinks stays on your child’s teeth for too long, it can lead to tooth decay. To help prevent tooth decay:
Don’t put your baby to bed with a bottle.
Milk or formula will stay on your child’s teeth all night and increase your child’s risk for tooth decay.
Take your child to the dentist.
Take your child to the dentist for a checkup by age 1. Ask your child’s doctor for the name of a dentist who’s good with kids.
Going to the dentist for the first time can be scary. It might help your child to see you sitting in the dentist’s chair first. You can also ask the dentist to let your child sit on your lap during the checkup.
Ask your child’s dentist about how to clean your child’s teeth and other ways to keep your child’s mouth healthy. After the first visit, make sure to schedule regular dental checkups for your child.
What about the cost of dental visits?
Your health insurance plan may cover dental care for your child. Check with your insurance company to find out what’s included in your plan.
If you don’t have insurance that pays for dental care, find a free or low-cost dental care program near you.
Ask your child’s dentist about sealants.
A sealant is a thin, plastic material put on the tops of back teeth to help protect them from decay. Ask your dentist if sealants are right for your child. Get more information about sealants.
Courtesy Healthfinder.gov
For more information about National Children’s Dental Health Month, visit the American Dental Association.
Paranasal sinuses
“Paranasal” means near the nose. The para sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. The sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps the inside of the nose from drying out during breathing.
There are several para sinuses named after the bones that surround them:
Nasal cavity
The nose opens into the nasal cavity, which is divided into two nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. The area just inside the nostrils is called the nasal vestibule. A small area of special cells in the roof of each nasal passage sends signals to the brain to give the sense of smell.
Together the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the lungs. The movement of air through the sinuses and other parts of the respiratory system help make sounds for talking.
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.
The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity.
Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following:
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following:
These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer or by other conditions. There may be no signs or symptoms in the early stages. Signs and symptoms may appear as the tumor grows. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
The following tests and procedures may be used:
The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following:
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:
When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if nasal cavity cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually nasal cavity cancer cells. The disease is metastatic nasal cavity cancer, not lung cancer.
The staging described below for the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity is only used for patients who have not had lymph nodes in the neck removed and checked for signs of cancer.
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the mucous membranes lining the maxillary sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
In stage I, cancer has formed in the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus.
In stage II, cancer has spread to bone around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose, but not to bone at the back of the maxillary sinus or the part of the sphenoid bone behind the upper jaw.
In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following:
or
Cancer is found in the maxillary sinus and may have spread to any of the following:
Cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.
Stage IVA
In stage IVA, cancer has spread to any of the following:
Cancer may have also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
or
Cancer is found in the maxillary sinus and may have spread to any of the following:
Cancer has also spread to one of the following:
Stage IVB
In stage IVB, cancer has spread to any of the following:
Cancer may have also spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.
or
Cancer may be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus. Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters or has spread through the outside covering of a lymph node into nearby connective tissue.
Stage IVC
In stage IVC, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the maxillary sinus, such as the lungs.
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
In stage I, cancer has formed and is found in only one area of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus and may have spread into bone.
In stage II, cancer is found in two areas of either the nasal cavity or the ethmoid sinus that are near each other, or cancer has spread to an area next to the sinuses. Cancer may also have spread into bone.
In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following:
or
Cancer is found in the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus and may have spread to any of the following:
Cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.
Stage IVA
In stage IVA, cancer has spread to any of the following:
Cancer may have also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
or
Cancer is found in the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus and may have spread to any of the following:
Cancer has also spread to one of the following:
Stage IVB
In stage IVB, cancer has spread to any of the following:
Cancer may have also spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.
or
Cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus. Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters or has spread through the outside covering of a lymph node into nearby connective tissue.
Stage IVC
In stage IVC, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to organs far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, such as the lungs.
If the cancer is removed by surgery, a pathologist will examine a sample of the cancer tissue under a microscope. Sometimes, the pathologist’s review results in a change to the stage of the cancer and more treatment is needed after surgery.
Recurrent paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or in other parts of the body.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist works with other doctors who are experts in treating patients with head and neck cancer and who specialize in certain areas of medicine and rehabilitation. Patients who have paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may need special help adjusting to breathing problems or other side effects of the cancer and its treatment. If a large amount of tissue or bone around the paranasal sinuses or nasal cavity is taken out, plastic surgery may be done to repair or rebuild the area. The treatment team may include the following specialists:
Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is a common treatment for all stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. A doctor may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue and bone around the cancer. If the cancer has spread, the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:
The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.
External radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works. The thyroid hormone levels in the blood may be tested before and after treatment.
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug.
The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
See Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer for more information. (Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.)
Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
For information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today’s standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Treatment of stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Treatment of stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Treatment of stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) for more information.)
If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:
For inverting papillomas, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
For melanomas and sarcomas, treatment may include the following:
For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.
If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Treatment of stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) for more information.)
If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:
For inverting papillomas, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
For melanomas and sarcomas, treatment may include the following:
For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.
If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Treatment of recurrent paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:
If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer and may include radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) for more information.)
If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:
For inverting papillomas, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
For melanomas and sarcomas, treatment may include the following:
For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.
If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, see the following:
For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI’s) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary (“Updated”) is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become “standard.” Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI’s website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI’s contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated 11/06/19. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq. Accessed 12/19/19.
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.
Updated:
This content is provided by the National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov)
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment depends upon extent or stage of disease. Learn more in this expert-reviewed summary.
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When should you consult an OMS for corrective jaw surgery?
When a jaw-related problem cannot be resolved through orthodontia alone, the patient should be referred to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon (OMS). OMSs are uniquely qualified and trained to determine the appropriate procedure for each case and to work with the orthodontist and restorative dentist to assure a successful outcome. Visit MyOMS for more information.
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons:
The experts in face, mouth and jaw surgery®
©2019 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS).
7 of 10 adults ages 35 to 44 will lose at least one permanent tooth to an accident, gum disease, a failed root canal or tooth decay. 1 of 4 adults will lose all their permanent teeth by age 74. On average, bridges and dentures need to be replaced every 7 to 15 years.
Source: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. www.MyOMS.org
This information is not intended as a substitution for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Oral and Facial Surgery serves dental patients in Hagerstown, Maryland, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Martinsburg, West Virginia, and the surrounding Tri-state area.
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